ABSTRACT
Abstract While the State plays an important role in actively transforming communities into conditions considered as 'developed', at the micro level there are some traditional features which persist. This short ethnographic observation carried out among the Dawan in the village of Oinlasi, South Amanatun, East Nusa Tenggara, revealed that the ume kbubu, a Timorese traditional house style, has experienced some changes as a consequence of the introduction of the Ministry of Health's 'healthful housing' program around fifty years ago. It was found that this program, along with other development programs, has changed the traditional life of the communities in the village. However, the researchers also witnessed that the communities were responding to these changes in various ways. The traditional houses were, in some cases, built with modern materials, equipped with electricity, and used only as a kitchen, while the family lived in modern healthful housing nearby. It is concluded that, although the idea of healthful houses is accepted by the community, their traditional house persists.
Resumo Enquanto o Estado desempenha um papel importante na transformação ativa das comunidades em condições consideradas "desenvolvidas", em nível micro algumas características tradicionais persistem. Esta breve observação etnográfica levada a cabo entre os Dawan na aldeia de Oinlasi, no sul de Amanatun, em Sonda Oriental, revelou que o ume kbubu, um estilo de casa tradicional timorense, sofreu algumas mudanças como consequência da introdução do programa de "habitação saudável" do Ministério da Saúde, há cerca de cinquenta anos. Verificou-se que esse programa, com outros programas de desenvolvimento, mudou a vida tradicional das comunidades na aldeia. No entanto, os pesquisadores também testemunharam que as comunidades estavam respondendo a essas mudanças de várias maneiras. As casas tradicionais eram, em alguns casos, construídas com materiais modernos, equipadas com eletricidade e usadas apenas como cozinha, enquanto a família vivia em casas modernas e saudáveis nas proximidades. Conclui-se que, embora a ideia de casas saudáveis seja aceita pela comunidade, suas moradias tradicionais persistem.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Healthy City , Housing , Urban Renewal , City Planning , Anthropology, CulturalABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The CYP2B6 is one of the most polymorphic CYP genes in humans that has the potential to modify the pharmacological and toxicological responses to clinically important drugs such as antimalarial artemisinin and its derivatives. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of CYP2B6 polymorphisms in Timor malaria endemic area, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia where Artemisin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) has been used to treat uncomplicated malaria. METHODS: A total of 109 healthy subjects were participated in this study. CYP2B6*4, *6 and *9 polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR-RFLP to confirm the SNPs prevalence of 516G>T and 785A>G in exon 4 and 5. RESULTS: There were 96 subjects included in the analysis. In the exon 4 of CYP2B6 516G>T, the frequency of the T mutation was 37.5% (39/96), and the wildtype 27.1% (26/96). In the exon 5, CYP2B6 785A>G mutant was detected in 29.2% (28/96) of individuals, and the wildtype allele in 35.4% (34/96). The frequency of CYP2B6*9 (516G>T), CYP2B6*4 (785A>G) and CYP2B6*6 (516G>T and 785A>G) were 40.6%, 29.2% and 22.9%, respectively. The prevalence of these CYP2B6 gene polymorphisms in Timorian ethnic were higher than that in Malay, Han Chinese, Indian, and Egyptian populations. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of these CYP2B6 516G>T and 785A>G polymorphisms in Timorian ethnic is higher than that in other populations. These polymorphisms may affect the metabolism of artemisinin and its derivatives.